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Operational Sex Ratio and Islamic Rape Jihad

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Numerous studies show that male behaviour is heavily influenced by the operational sex ratio, or the ratio between fertile females and sexually active males.

 

If male and female numbers are equal then the best strategy is for a male to find a female, pair off, and protect/provide for his own kids.

 

If there are more fertile females than males the best mating strategy for males is to put less resources caring for their kids and more resources trying to mate with multiple females. (note1: urban blacks in America fall into this category because of the amount of young black males either in prison or killed by other black males. result is that black males spend more time chasing other women and less time being fathers) (note2: possibly bigamy became common in these societies to prevent the excess of available females from encouraging men to sleep around instead of be fathers)

 

If there are more males than females then the males that have mates get obsessed with protecting them from the surplus males who form rape gangs to try to get access to the smaller numbers of females.

 

In polygamous societies every man that has two wives creates a man who can never mate unless he rapes. Bigamy effectively turns a balanced operational sex ratio into a heavily male-biased one. Islam is a codified set of behaviours for protecting females from rape gangs (burka, not go outside without male guardian) and exporting the surplus males to neighbouring societies so they don't bother the local females (jihad). That is essentially what Islam is, a code of behaviours designed by a guy with multiple wives in a bigamous society to keep womanless men away from his wives.

 

The surplus males generated by bigamy are told, "these women are off limits, they're spoken for by more powerful men in your society. If you want to get laid then your only option is to go out and conquer something and take their women." This is how Islam spread so quickly in its first few centuries and this is the driving force behind the huge amount of young men flooding into Europe today. They are not refugees, they are sex tourists. It should be no surprise they are so rapey.

 

Something else that's interesting:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302970/

 

"Findings show that male-biased sex ratios (an abundance of men) lead men to discount the future and desire immediate rewards. Male-biased sex ratios decreased men’s desire to save for the future and increased their willingness to incur debt for immediate expenditures."

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21460553

Am Nat. 2011 Feb;177(2):167-76. doi: 10.1086/657918.
The influence of operational sex ratio on the intensity of competition for mates.
Weir LK1, Grant JW, Hutchings JA.
Author information
Abstract

The evolution and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics and behavior are heavily influenced by the variance in mating success among individuals in a population. The operational sex ratio (OSR) is often used as a predictor of the intensity of competition for mates, as it describes the relative number of males and females who are ready to mate. We investigate changes in aggression, courtship, mate guarding, and sperm release as a function of changes in the OSR using meta-analytic techniques. As the OSR becomes increasingly biased, aggression increases as competitors attempt to defend mates, but this aggression begins to decrease at an OSR of 1.99, presumably due to the increased costs of competition as rivals become more numerous. Sperm release follows a similar but not significant trend. By contrast, courtship rate decreases as the OSR becomes increasingly biased, whereas mate guarding and copulation duration increase. Overall, predictable behavioral changes occur in response to OSR, although the nature of the change is dependent on the type of mating behavior. These results suggest considerable flexibility of mating system structure within species, which can be predicted by OSR and likely results in variation in the strength of sexual selection.

PMID:
21460553

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26498976

 

Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2016 Jan;42(1):72-80. doi: 10.1177/0146167215612744. Epub 2015 Oct 23.

Biased Sex Ratios Influence Fundamental Aspects of Human Mating.

Moss JH1, Maner JK2.

Author information

Abstract

 

The operational sex ratio-the ratio of men to women in a given population-affects a range of social processes. The current research demonstrates that biased sex ratios (greater numbers of one sex than the other) influence fundamental aspects of people's mating strategy. When the sex ratio was favorable (one's own sex was in the minority), both sexes adopted strong sex-typical sociosexual orientations (relatively restricted for women; relatively unrestricted for men). When the sex ratio was unfavorable (one's own sex was in the majority), both sexes shifted toward the orientation typically favored by the other sex: Women became more unrestricted and men became more restricted (Experiment 1). When the sex ratio was unfavorable (relative to favorable), participants also displayed greater aggression toward a romantically desirable (but not undesirable) same-sex partner (Experiment 2). Exploratory analyses suggested that the sex ratio effect was present for unprovoked aggression but not provoked aggression (given the exploratory nature of that analysis, the aggression effect should be considered with some caution). Findings suggest that people's mating strategies are adaptively calibrated to contingencies within the local mating ecology.

 

© 2015 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

KEYWORDS:

 

evolutionary psychology; intrasexual aggression; sex ratio; sociosexual orientation

 

PMID:

26498976

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919700

 

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Biol Lett. 2014 Jun;10(6). pii: 20140148. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2014.0148.

Sex ratio influences the motivational salience of facial attractiveness.

Hahn AC1, Fisher CI2, DeBruine LM2, Jones BC2.

Author information

Abstract

 

The sex ratio of the local population influences mating-related behaviours in many species. Recent experiments show that male-biased sex ratios increase the amount of financial resources men will invest in potential mates, suggesting that sex ratios influence allocation of mating effort in humans. To investigate this issue further, we tested for effects of cues to the sex ratio of the local population on the motivational salience of attractiveness in own-sex and opposite-sex faces. We did this using an effort-based key-press task, in which the motivational salience of facial attractiveness was assessed in samples of faces in which the ratio of male to female images was manipulated. The motivational salience of attractive opposite-sex, but not own-sex, faces was greater in the own-sex-biased (high competition for mates) than in the opposite-sex-biased (low competition for mates) condition. Moreover, this effect was not modulated by participant sex. These results present new evidence that sex ratio influences human mating-related behaviours. They also present the first evidence that the perceived sex ratio of the local population may modulate allocation of mating effort in women, as well as men.

 

© 2014 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

KEYWORDS:

 

beauty; incentive salience; intrasexual competition; mate preferences; operational sex ratio

 

PMID:

24919700

[PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID:

PMC4090541

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848871

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J Evol Biol. 2014 Aug;27(8):1500-12. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12415. Epub 2014 May 22.
Adult sex ratio variation: implications for breeding system evolution.
Székely T1, Weissing FJ, Komdeur J.
Author information
Abstract

Adult sex ratio (ASR) exhibits immense variation in nature, although neither the causes nor the implications of this variation are fully understood. According to theory, the ASR is expected to influence sex roles and breeding systems, as the rarer sex in the population has more potential partners to mate with than the more common sex. Changes in mate choice, mating systems and parental care suggest that the ASR does influence breeding behaviour, although there is a need for more tests, especially experimental ones. In the context of breeding system evolution, the focus is currently on operational sex ratios (OSRs). We argue that the ASR plays a role of similar importance and urge researchers to study the ASR and the OSR side by side. Finally, we plead for a dynamic view of breeding system evolution with feedbacks between mating, parenting, OSR and ASR on both ecological and evolutionary time scales.

© 2014 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.
KEYWORDS:

adult sex ratio; mate choice; mating system; operational sex ratio; parental care

PMID:
24848871

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Proc Biol Sci. 2014 Apr 30;281(1785):20140190. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0190. Print 2014 Jun 22.
How choosy should I be? The relative searching time predicts evolution of choosiness under direct sexual selection.
Abstract

Most theoretical research in sexual selection has focused on indirect selection. However, empirical studies have not strongly supported indirect selection. A well-established finding is that direct benefits and costs exert a strong influence on the evolution of mate choice. We present an analytical model in which unilateral mate choice evolves solely by direct sexual selection on choosiness. We show this is sufficient to generate the evolution of all possible levels of choosiness, because of the fundamental trade-off between mating rate and mating benefits. We further identify the relative searching time (RST, i.e. the proportion of lifetime devoted to searching for mates) as a predictor of the effect of any variable affecting the mating rate on the evolution of choosiness. We show that the RST: (i) allows one to make predictions about the evolution of choosiness across a wide variety of mating systems; (ii) encompasses all alternative variables proposed thus far to explain the evolution of choosiness by direct sexual selection; and (iii) can be empirically used to infer qualitative differences in choosiness.

KEYWORDS:

choosiness; direct benefits; mate choice; operational sex ratio; relative searching time; sexual selection

PMID:24789896

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24443989

 

J Evol Biol. 2014 Mar;27(3):466-77. doi: 10.1111/jeb.12314. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
Mate competition and resource competition are inter-related in sexual selection.
Abstract

Sexual selection can be affected by the competition for limited breeding resources and/or the competition for limited mates. Although there is ample evidence for each type of competition by itself, little is known about their relative importance and interaction. To address these questions, we established 48 experimental breeding populations of the two-spotted goby (Gobiusculus flavescens), a substrate-breeding fish with paternal care. In three experimental treatments, males were limited in the access to either nest sites or mates or were provided with both nests and mates in excess. We quantified male competition behaviour (agonistic and courtship), the opportunity for selection and selection on male body size. Limited access to nests and mates produced similar opportunities for selection, but only limited access to mates increased male competitive behaviours and caused positive selection on male body size. Selection on body size in the mate-limited treatment was due both to larger males being more likely to take up nests and to larger males being more likely to mate once they had a nest. These findings demonstrate that resource and mate limitation can differ in their effects on sexual selection. The results also reveal that resource and mating competition can be highly inter-related and not always separated in time, implying that methods to disentangle the two processes must be chosen with care. Future research should consider experimental and analytical approaches similar to those of the present study in attempts to elucidate the interaction of resource and mating competition in animals.

© 2014 The Authors. Journal of Evolutionary Biology © 2014 European Society For Evolutionary Biology.

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24167308

 

Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013 Oct 28;368(1631):20130078. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0078. Print 2013.
The evolutionary psychology of women's aggression.
Abstract

Evolutionary researchers have identified age, operational sex ratio and high variance in male resources as factors that intensify female competition. These are discussed in relation to escalated intrasexual competition for men and their resources between young women in deprived neighbourhoods. For these women, fighting is not seen as antithetical to cultural conceptions of femininity, and female weakness is disparaged. Nonetheless, even where competitive pressures are high, young women's aggression is less injurious and frequent than young men's. From an evolutionary perspective, I argue that the intensity of female aggression is constrained by the greater centrality of mothers, rather than fathers, to offspring survival. This selection pressure is realized psychologically through a lower threshold for fear among women. Neuropsychological evidence is not yet conclusive but suggests that women show heightened amygdala reactivity to threatening stimuli, may be better able to exert prefrontal cortical control over emotional behaviour and may consciously register fear more strongly via anterior cingulate activity. The impact of testosterone and oxytocin on the neural circuitry of emotion is also considered.

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152006

 

Evolution. 2013 Nov;67(11):3243-57. doi: 10.1111/evo.12201. Epub 2013 Jul 26.
Sex ratio and density affect sexual selection in a sex-role reversed fish.
Abstract

Understanding how demographic processes influence mating systems is important to decode ecological influences on sexual selection in nature. We manipulated sex ratio and density in experimental populations of the sex-role reversed pipefish Syngnathus typhle. We quantified sexual selection using the Bateman gradient (βss'), the opportunity for selection (I), and sexual selection (Is), and the maximum standardized sexual selection differential (smax'). We also measured selection on body length using standardized selection differentials (s') and mating differentials (m'), and tested whether the observed I and Is differ from values obtained by simulating random mating. We found that I, Is, and s'max, but not βss', were higher for females under female than male bias and the opposite for males, but density did not affect these measures. However, higher density decreased sexual selection (m' but not s') on female length, but selection on body length was not affected by sex ratio. Finally, Is but not I was higher than expected from random mating, and only for females under female bias. This study demonstrates that both sex ratio and density affect sexual selection and that disentangling interrelated demographic processes is essential to a more complete understanding of mating behavior and the evolution of mating systems.

© 2013 The Author(s). Evolution © 2013 The Society for the Study of Evolution.
 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101975

 

Ecol Evol. 2013 Sep;3(9):2820-31. doi: 10.1002/ece3.666. Epub 2013 Jul 22.
Flexible mate choice when mates are rare and time is short.
Abstract

Female mate choice is much more dynamic than we once thought. Mating decisions depend on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and these two may interact with one another. In this study, we investigate how responses to the social mating environment (extrinsic) change as individuals age (intrinsic). We first conducted a field survey to examine the extent of natural variation in mate availability in a population of threespine sticklebacks. We then manipulated the sex ratio in the laboratory to determine the impact of variation in mate availability on sexual signaling, competition, and mating decisions that are made throughout life. Field surveys revealed within season heterogeneity in mate availability across breeding sites, providing evidence for the variation necessary for the evolution of plastic preferences. In our laboratory study, males from both female-biased and male-biased treatments invested most in sexual signaling late in life, although they competed most early in life. Females became more responsive to courtship over time, and those experiencing female-biased, but not male-biased sex ratios, relaxed their mating decisions late in life. Our results suggest that social experience and age interact to affect sexual signaling and female mating decisions. Flexible behavior could mediate the potentially negative effects of environmental change on population viability, allowing reproductive success even when preferred mates are rare.

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23815666

 

Evolution. 2013 Jul;67(7):2133-41. doi: 10.1111/evo.12076. Epub 2013 Mar 21.
Sperm competitive ability evolves in response to experimental alteration of operational sex ratio.
Abstract

In naturally polygamous organisms such as Drosophila, sperm competitive ability is one of the most important components of male fitness and is expected to evolve in response to varying degrees of male-male competition. Several studies have documented the existence of ample genetic variation in sperm competitive ability of males. However, many experimental evolution studies have found sperm competitive ability to be unresponsive to selection. Even direct selection for increased sperm competitive ability has failed to yield any measurable changes. Here we report the evolution of sperm competitive ability (sperm defense-P1, offense-P2) in a set of replicate populations of Drosophila melanogaster subjected to altered levels of male-male competition (generated by varying the operational sex ratio) for 55-60 generations. Males from populations with female-biased operational sex ratio evolved reduced P1 and P2, without any measurable change in the male reproductive behavior. Males in the male-biased regime evolved increased P1, but there was no significant change in P2. Increase in P1 was associated with an increase in copulation duration, possibly indicating greater ejaculate investment by these males. This study is one of the few to provide empirical evidence for the evolution of sperm competitive ability of males under different levels of male-male competition.

© 2013 The Author(s). Evolution © 2013 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23815651

 

Evolution. 2013 Jul;67(7):1937-49. doi: 10.1111/evo.12092. Epub 2013 Apr 4.
Operational sex ratio but not density affects sexual selection in a fish.
Abstract

The operational sex ratio (OSR) and density are considered important factors affecting the strength of sexual selection. Although there is increasing evidence that OSR and density affect the potential for sexual selection, few studies have addressed whether this is realized in phenotypic selection and how the two factors interact. We manipulated OSR (three levels) and male density (two levels) in 36 experimental breeding populations of Gobiusculus flavescens-a fish with paternal care. We measured mating competition behavior, the opportunity for selection (I), and selection on four morphological traits in males. We found sexual selection on two male traits, with the strongest selection being 20% of I. As predicted from OSR theory, increasing female scarcity caused males to become more competitive, concomitant with an increase in I and selection on morphological traits. Model simulations of I based on random mating (Imin ) and maximum mate monopolization (Imax ) demonstrated that the potential for sexual selection was close to its theoretical maximum across the range of OSRs. However, male density and its interaction with the OSR did not affect sexual selection. We argue that a multifaceted approach, combining mating behavior and selection analyses, can help us to understand how ecological factors affect sexual selection.

© 2013 The Author(s). Evolution © 2013 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23372665

 

PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53724. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053724. Epub 2013 Jan 23.
Till death (or an intruder) do us part: intrasexual-competition in a monogamous primate.
Abstract

Polygynous animals are often highly dimorphic, and show large sex-differences in the degree of intra-sexual competition and aggression, which is associated with biased operational sex ratios (OSR). For socially monogamous, sexually monomorphic species, this relationship is less clear. Among mammals, pair-living has sometimes been assumed to imply equal OSR and low frequency, low intensity intra-sexual competition; even when high rates of intra-sexual competition and selection, in both sexes, have been theoretically predicted and described for various taxa. Owl monkeys are one of a few socially monogamous primates. Using long-term demographic and morphological data from 18 groups, we show that male and female owl monkeys experience intense intra-sexual competition and aggression from solitary floaters. Pair-mates are regularly replaced by intruding floaters (27 female and 23 male replacements in 149 group-years), with negative effects on the reproductive success of both partners. Individuals with only one partner during their life produced 25% more offspring per decade of tenure than those with two or more partners. The termination of the pair-bond is initiated by the floater, and sometimes has fatal consequences for the expelled adult. The existence of floaters and the sporadic, but intense aggression between them and residents suggest that it can be misleading to assume an equal OSR in socially monogamous species based solely on group composition. Instead, we suggest that sexual selection models must assume not equal, but flexible, context-specific, OSR in monogamous species.

 

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23206131

 

Evolution. 2012 Dec;66(12):3722-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01716.x. Epub 2012 Jul 19.
Female preference for male courtship effort can drive the evolution of male mate choice.
Abstract

The evolution of male mate choice is constrained by costs of choice in species with a male-biased operational sex ratio (OSR). Previous theoretical studies have shown that significant benefits of male choice are required, for example, by mating with more fecund females, in order for these costs to be offset and a male preference to spread. In a series of population genetic models we show the novel effect that male mating preference, expressed as a bias in courtship, can spread when females prefer, and thus are more likely to mate with, males who court more. We explore two female preference functions for levels of male courtship, one representing a threshold and the other a weighted female preference. The basic finding generally holds for both preference functions. However, the preference function greatly affects the spread of a male preference allele after the addition of competing males who can court more in total. Our results thus stress that a thorough understanding of the response of females to male courtship is a critical component to understanding male preference evolution in polygynous species.

© 2012 The Author(s). Evolution© 2012 The Society for the Study of Evolution.

 

 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23117051

 

J Hum Evol. 2012 Dec;63(6):834-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Oct 30.
The human operational sex ratio: effects of marriage, concealed ovulation, and menopause on mate competition.
Abstract

Among mammals, male-male competition for sexual access to females frequently involves fighting. Larger body size gives males an advantage in fighting, which explains why males tend to be larger than females in many species, including anthropoid primates. Mitani et al. derived a formula to measure the operational sex ratio (OSR) to reflect the degree of male-male competition using the number of reproductively available males to females who are cycling and capable of conceiving. The OSR should predict the degree of sexual dimorphism in body mass-at least if male-male competition involves much fighting or threatening. Here, we use hunter-gatherer demographic data and the Mitani et al. formula to calculate the human OSR. We show that humans have a much lower degree of body mass sexual dimorphism than is predicted by our OSR. We suggest this is because human competition rarely involves fighting. In human hunter-gatherer societies, differences in the ages of marriage have an impact on competition in that the age of males at first marriage is younger when there is a lower percentage of married men with two or more wives, and older when there is a higher percentage of married men with two or more wives. We discuss the implications of this for females, along with the effects of two key life history traits that influence the OSR, concealed ovulation and menopause. While menopause decreases the number of reproductively available females to males and thus increases male-male competition, concealed ovulation decreases male-male competition. Finally, we discuss the importance of mostly monogamous mate bonds in human evolution.

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

 

 

 

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I don't have access to this online publication and the book it's being published in won't be available until the end of the year.  I would appreciate it if anyone could help me obtain a full copy of the article.

 

http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199376377-e-1?rskey=JeywYW&result=2

 

Operational Sex Ratio and Female Competition: Scarcity Breeds Intensity  
Haley M. Dillon, Lora E. Adair, and Gary L. Brase Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher Online Publication Date:Sep 2014 Abstract and Keywords

When there is a surplus of one sex in a population, members of that sex often compete against each other for access to the scarcer sex. This chapter reviews the theoretical foundations for this phenomenon, focusing on the concept of operational sex ratio (OSR; the ratio of viable and available males to females in a given mating market) versus overall sex ratio, as well as the phylogenetic evidence of sex ratios as an important factor influencing mating behaviors. Research on human OSR and its effects is a fairly recent development but has already led to findings that are generally coherent and consistent with the nonhuman evidence. The evidence to date indicates that people who find themselves in female-disadvantaged mating markets show systematic and adaptive changes in their behaviors, including increased female intrasexual competition. The chapter concludes with discussions of additional issues and future directions for research on OSR.

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This post got deleted.   This article has a good overview of OSR, effects on human behavior, and effects throughout history.  Basically the rarer of the sexes has more leverage in dating.  It shouldn't come as much of a surprise that feminists living in cities where women outnumber men want to import men because doing so increases the power of women in the dating market.  When there are more women then women need to look pretty and be nice to attract male attention and even then male attention tends to be only for mating and moving on.  When there are more men than women then men must compete to attract women and tend to want to hold onto them.  It should be no more surprising that feminists want to import socialist-leaning Muslim men than it would be surprising if young white men wanted to import young libertarian-leaning Asian women.

 

 

http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195396706.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780195396706-e-17?rskey=gponOm&result=1

 

Sexual Conflict and the Operational Sex Ratio  
Daniel J. Kruger and Carey J. Fitzgerald Edited by Todd K. Shackelford and Aaron T. Goetz

The degree and form of sexual conflict is strongly influenced by the relative proportions of potentially reproductive males and females in a population. Patterns following from the operational sex ratio of groups in other species are reflected in human populations. Because the reproductive strategies of men and women are somewhat divergent, market influences on the intensity of mating competition and selectivity for partners produce different outcomes in female-biased and male-biased populations. Male mating opportunities are enhanced by scarcity, and incentives for long-term commitment are diminished, encouraging serial and simultaneous polygyny. Scarce females may be able to more effectively secure commitment from partners as well as demand higher levels of resource investment. However, male social power often constrains women’s ability to leverage their market scarcity for serial or simultaneous polyandry. Imbalanced sex ratios are associated with largely consistent social and cultural trends in specific historical periods and populations.

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This one is a good overview.  For some reason my post keeps getting eaten.
 
 
Sexual Conflict and the Operational Sex Ratio  
Daniel J. Kruger and Carey J. Fitzgerald Edited by Todd K. Shackelford and Aaron T. Goetz Abstract and Keywords

The degree and form of sexual conflict is strongly influenced by the relative proportions of potentially reproductive males and females in a population. Patterns following from the operational sex ratio of groups in other species are reflected in human populations. Because the reproductive strategies of men and women are somewhat divergent, market influences on the intensity of mating competition and selectivity for partners produce different outcomes in female-biased and male-biased populations. Male mating opportunities are enhanced by scarcity, and incentives for long-term commitment are diminished, encouraging serial and simultaneous polygyny. Scarce females may be able to more effectively secure commitment from partners as well as demand higher levels of resource investment. However, male social power often constrains women’s ability to leverage their market scarcity for serial or simultaneous polyandry. Imbalanced sex ratios are associated with largely consistent social and cultural trends in specific historical periods and populations.

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Essentially, Islam is a pyramid scheme that just won't end.  Only instead of a pyramid scheme with money it's a pyramid scheme with women.  "Why have only 1 woman when you can have 3?  Where do the extra women come from?  Well... just spread Islam and take the women of the new region and convert them to Islam and then your sons can move on to the next region and..."

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